Haskell Note 1 - Introduction Arithmetic Operators Undefined Variables Lists Strings Types

Adding Modules#

ghci> :module + Data.Ratio

Arithmetic + - * / ** ^ %#

Basic#

ghci> 7.0 / 2.0
3.5
ghci> 7 / 2
3.5

ghci> 2 + 2
4
ghci> (+) 2 2
4

** and ^#

- ** can be used for floating-point exponentiation
ghci> 2.2**3.3
13.489468760533386
- ^ can only be used for integer exponentiation
ghci> 2.2^3.3
<interactive> error:

%#

Both the numerator and denominator of a fraction must be of integer type

ghci>11 % 29
11 % 29
ghci>it :: Ratio Integer
11 % 29

ghci>3.14 % 8
<interactive>:7:1: error:

Special Operators e.g. succ pred sqrt sin truncate round floor ceiling#

ghci>sqrt 16
4.0
ghci>succ 6
7
ghci>succ 7
8
ghci>pred 9
8
ghci>pred 8
7
ghci>sin (pi / 2)
1.0
ghci>truncate pi    --rounding down
3
ghci>round 3.5    --rounding
4
ghci>round 3.4
3
ghci>floor 3.7
3
ghci>ceiling 3.3
4

Operators#

Boolean Logic && ||#

ghci> True && False
False
ghci> False || True
True

0 does not represent False, non-zero values do not represent True

Value Comparison == < > >= <= /= not#

ghci> 1 == 1
True
ghci> 2 < 3
True
ghci> 4 >= 3.99
True
ghci> 1 /= 1    -- not equal to
False
ghci> not True  --not usage
False

Precedence ()#

ghci> :info (+)     --check the precedence of +
class (Eq a, Show a) => Num a where
  (+) :: a -> a -> a
  ...
    -- Defined in GHC.Num
infixl 6 +      --precedence level 6

Higher level means higher precedence

Undefined Variables and Defining Variables e.g. pi , e#

ghci> pi
3.141592653589793

ghci> e
<interactive> Not in scope: `e'
e does not exist, needs to be defined
ghci> let e = exp 1
ghci> e
2.718281828459045

Lists#

Elements in a list must be of the same type
Lists can have any length

[]
ghci> [3,1,3] ++ [3,7]
[3,1,3,3,7]
ghci> 1 : [2,3]
[1,2,3]
ghci> 1 : []
[1]

: can only be used to add an element to the beginning of a list
Can be followed by an empty []

Strings and Characters putStrLn ""#

ghci> "This is a string."
"This is a string."
ghci> putStrLn "Here's a newline -->\n<-- See?"
Here's a newline -->
<-- See?

Text strings are lists of individual characters

ghci> let a = ['l', 'o', 't', 's', ' ', 'o', 'f', ' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'k']
ghci> a
"lots of work"
ghci> a == "lots of work"
True

ghci> "" == []
True

ghci> 'a':"bc"
"abc"
ghci> "foo" ++ "bar"
"foobar"

Types#

Type names start with uppercase letters
Variable names start with lowercase letters

:set +t enables the display of types. It is an auxiliary feature of ghci

:unset +t disables the display of types

:type checks the type

Prelude Data.Ratio> :type 'a'
'a' :: Char

Prelude Data.Ratio> "foo"
"foo"

Prelude Data.Ratio> :type it
it :: [Char]

Prelude> :set +t

Prelude> 'c'    -- input expression
'c'             -- output value
it :: Char      -- type of the output value

Prelude> "foo"
"foo"
it :: [Char]

Integer types are represented by Integer. The length of values of the Integer type is only limited by the system's memory.